Introduce family: 我家有…口人, 的, 是/有
Say how many are in your family with 我家有 + a number + the family measure word 口 (kǒu) + 人: 我家有五口人。(Wǒ jiā yǒu wǔ kǒu rén.) — five people. Name each with 的 for possession: 这是我的哥哥。(Zhè shì wǒ de gēge.) — this is my older brother. Chinese has no plural ending, so show quantity only with a number + the right measure word (两位老师, liǎng wèi lǎoshī — the polite 位 for people). Use 有 for what someone has, and 是 to identify who they are.
很 + adjective (never 是); compare with 比
An adjective is its own predicate: use 很 (hěn) or another degree adverb before it, and never 是. 我妈妈很友好。(Wǒ māma hěn yǒuhǎo.) — my mum is friendly (NOT 我妈妈是友好). Useful words: 幽默 (yōumò), 聪明 (cōngmíng), 认真 (rènzhēn), 有耐心 (yǒu nàixīn), 外向/内向 (wàixiàng/nèixiàng). Compare two people with A 比 B + adjective and NO 很: 我哥哥比我高。(Wǒ gēge bǐ wǒ gāo.) Put the amount after the adjective: 我哥哥比我大三岁 (three years older).
Past vs now: 小时候/以前 … 现在, 变得…了
Set the time frame with 小时候 (xiǎoshíhou — in childhood) or 以前 (yǐqián — before) for a past habit, and 现在 (xiànzài — now) for the present. A past HABIT takes NO 了: 小时候我常常跟爷爷奶奶一起住。(Xiǎoshíhou wǒ chángcháng gēn yéye nǎinai yìqǐ zhù.) Describe a change with 变得 + adjective + 了: 以前我很内向,现在我变得开朗多了。(Yǐqián wǒ hěn nèixiàng, xiànzài wǒ biàn de kāilǎng duō le.) The final 了 marks the change of state a Higher past-to-present description needs.
Drawn from real examiner reports.
USED TO answered as a present habit
Match the time frame the bullet asks for. If it asks what you USED TO do with family, answer in the past with 小时候/以前 and a past habit, not the present. ✗ 我常常跟家人一起看电视。(a present habit) ✓ 小时候我常常跟家人一起在家看电视。(Xiǎoshíhou wǒ chángcháng gēn jiārén yìqǐ zài jiā kàn diànshì.) Keep every qualifier the bullet gives, such as 在家 (at home) -- dropping it changes the meaning.
On Writing Q1 Interests the bullet "what you used to do with family at home" was mis-answered as a habitual "always", and the qualifier "at home" was dropped (June 2024 1CN0/4H).
Dropping the degree word / adding 很 to 比
In an A 比 B + adjective sentence you must NOT add 很, and must keep the comparative meaning. ✗ 我姐姐比我很高。✓ 我姐姐比我高。(Wǒ jiějie bǐ wǒ gāo.) Put the amount after the adjective: 高一点, 高得多, 大三岁. If an answer needs a comparison -- e.g. a friend became MORE confident -- write 更自信 (gèng zìxìn — more confident), not just 自信: dropping the degree word 更 loses the mark.
The comparative/degree word was dropped -- "be confident" written where the text required "be MORE confident" -- costing the mark (June 2023 1CN0/3H).
Literal restatement on a "Who am I" text
On a reading or listening comprehension about identity, base your English answer SOLELY on the text -- do not copy back a literal line or invent unsupported detail. ✗ restating "she likes music" when the question asks what her personality SHOWS ✓ answer the point (e.g. that she is creative), if the text supports it. Vague English "open to misinterpretation" loses the mark.
On the Theme-1 "Who am I" reading, literal restatement not supported by the text failed (June 2024 1CN0/3H); across Reading/Listening marks are lost from unclear English answers "open to misinterpretation" (June 2024 1CN0/3H; June 2024 1CN0/1H).
Wrong measure word for people (个 vs 口/位)
People take special measure words. Count family members with 口 in the set phrase 我家有四口人 (sì kǒu rén), not 四个人. Use the polite 位 (wèi) for people you respect -- 两位老师 (liǎng wèi lǎoshī — two teachers). The general 个 is fine for a friend or sibling (一个朋友), but 个 where 口 or 位 is expected reads as a beginner slip. Always pair a number with the right 量词 before a person noun.
Number + the correct 量词 is compulsory for people -- 口 for family members in 我家有…口人, and the polite 位 for people you respect (general FL trap).
Whose action is the question about?
In a comprehension about family, read WHOSE action the question asks about. It may ask what the father HOPES TO DO himself versus what he hopes SOMEONE ELSE (e.g. 大伟, Dàwěi) will do -- different answers. ✗ giving the father's own plan when asked what he wants his son to do ✓ track the subject of each verb and answer for the person named in the question.
Verb/subject mismatch -- "what the father hopes to do" vs "what the father hopes Dawei will do"; read whose action the question asks about (June 2023 1CN0/1H; June 2024 1CN0/1H).
错别字: 在/再 and 的/得/地
Homophone character slips (错别字) cost accuracy marks even when the sentence sounds right. Keep these apart: 在 (zài — a place, e.g. 在家) vs 再 (zài — again, e.g. 再见); and the three "de": 的 attributive (我的书), 地 adverbial before a verb (慢慢地走), 得 complement after a verb (跑得快). ✗ 我们明天在见 ✓ 我们明天再见 (zàijiàn). Proof-read for these look-alikes in your self-check.
的/地/得 and 在/再 homophone confusion is a frequent 错别字-class slip (general FL trap).
是 does not go before an adjective
English "to be" links a subject to an adjective, so learners wrongly copy 是 into Chinese. But a Chinese adjective is ITSELF the predicate -- it needs 很, not 是. ✗ 我妈妈是友好。/ 我是高。 ✓ 我妈妈很友好。/ 我很高。 Use 是 only to link two NOUNS: 她是我的姐姐。 So: 是 + noun for who someone IS; 很/非常 + adjective for what they are LIKE. 很 is a neutral link -- for a strong "very" use 非常 (fēicháng).
Four-step routine for describing people
For a family / role-model task: 1) OPEN by identifying the person -- 我最好的朋友是…… / 对我影响最大的人是……; 2) DESCRIBE with 很 + adjective (never 是), compare with 比 (我姐姐比我大三岁); 3) MOVE across time -- 小时候/以前 (no 了), 变得……了, 以后; 4) JUSTIFY with 因为……所以……, 虽然……但是……. Write about YOUR own life.
Translation: count with 口, 很 not 是
In a translation on family, apply three rules: count family members with 口 (四口人), not 个; put 很 before an adjective, never 是 (很聪明, not 是聪明); link a second adjective with 也 (也很友好). Keep every qualifier -- "at home" is 在家, before the verb. Check each character first.
Speaking: opinion + reason, across time
In the Paper 2 conversation, never give a one-word answer. Say what family and friends are LIKE and WHY you get on with them, using 因为……. Move across time -- 小时候, a change (变得……了), 以后. Add a comparison (我哥哥比我大三岁). A reason plus a time shift lifts the mark above a list.
This topic (Theme T1: Identity & Culture, T1.1) covers describing yourself, your family and your friends in the first person: who is in your family and your relationships, what people are like (personality and appearance), what you were like when you were younger, what makes a good friend, your interests and socialising with friends and family, and your role models. It is central to the Paper 2 Speaking conversation and to Paper 4 functional and extended Writing, and appears in listening and reading too. At Higher tier you must move across past and present time frames and give opinions with reasons.
Family & relationships 家人与关系 (jiārén yǔ guānxi)
| 汉字 | Pinyin | English |
|---|---|---|
| 家人 | jiārén | family members |
| 父母 | fùmǔ | parents |
| 哥哥 / 姐姐 | gēge / jiějie | older brother / older sister |
| 弟弟 / 妹妹 | dìdi / mèimei | younger brother / younger sister |
| 爷爷 / 奶奶 | yéye / nǎinai | (paternal) grandfather / grandmother |
| 独生子女 | dúshēng zǐnǚ | only child |
| 亲戚 | qīnqi | relatives |
| 关系 | guānxi | relationship |
| 榜样 | bǎngyàng | role model |
Personality & appearance 性格与外貌 (xìnggé yǔ wàimào)
| 汉字 | Pinyin | English |
|---|---|---|
| 性格 | xìnggé | personality |
| 友好 | yǒuhǎo | friendly |
| 幽默 | yōumò | humorous |
| 聪明 | cōngmíng | clever |
| 认真 | rènzhēn | conscientious |
| 有耐心 | yǒu nàixīn | patient |
| 外向 / 内向 | wàixiàng / nèixiàng | outgoing / introverted |
| 诚实 | chéngshí | honest |
| 可靠 | kěkào | reliable |
Friends, interests & socialising 朋友、兴趣与交往 (péngyou, xìngqù yǔ jiāowǎng)
| 汉字 | Pinyin | English |
|---|---|---|
| 好朋友 | hǎo péngyou | good friend |
| 互相帮助 | hùxiāng bāngzhù | to help each other |
| 支持 / 鼓励 | zhīchí / gǔlì | to support / to encourage |
| 信任 | xìnrèn | to trust |
| 爱好 | àihào | hobby |
| 聊天 | liáotiān | to chat |
| 一起 | yìqǐ | together |
| 小时候 | xiǎoshíhou | in childhood |
| 以前 | yǐqián | before, previously |
personality (the noun)
用中文写出四个可以用来描写一个人性格的词(例如"友好"),并标出拼音。
Level-of-response questions with model answers and mark scheme rubrics.
你有一个新的中国朋友,想认识你的家庭。请给这个朋友写一条微信(信息),内容要写清楚以下几点:(1)你家有几口人,都有谁;(2)介绍其中一个家人的性格(用"很 + 形容词");(3)说一件你喜欢和家人一起做的事。请用中文(汉字)书写,约80-90字,用友好、亲切的语气。(8分)
你们学校的中文杂志正在征集关于「我的榜样」的文章。请写一篇文章,谈谈一个对你影响很大的人,内容包括:(1)这个人是谁,你们的关系怎么样;(2)他/她是什么样的人,小时候他/她为你做过一件什么事(用过去时间);(3)他/她对你有什么影响,以后你想不想成为像他/她一样的人,为什么。请写你自己的经历,用中文(汉字)书写,约130-150字,注意用连接词把内容展开,不要只写一句「他很好」。(16分)
这是一段口语话题对话(Topic Conversation)。话题:家人与朋友。老师会问你一些关于你的家人、朋友和榜样的问题。请你准备好用中文谈谈:(1)你家有几口人,你和家人的关系怎么样;(2)你最好的朋友是什么样的人,你觉得什么样的人才是好朋友;(3)小时候你是什么样的,现在有什么变化;(4)谁是你的榜样,为什么。请尽量表达自己的看法并说明理由,跨越过去和现在两个时间,不要只回答一两个字。(约30分)